HOW HYBRIDS WORK

U.S. Department of Energy



Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased power, or additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools.

Some of the advanced technologies typically used by hybrids include

• Regenerative Braking. The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain causing the wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns the motor, which functions as a generator, converting energy normally wasted during coasting and braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery until needed by the electric motor.
  
  
  
• Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used.
  In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient.
  
  
  
• Automatic Start/Shutoff. Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.
  

OVERVIEW

Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy.

The engine provides most of the vehicle's power, and the electric motor provides
additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing. This allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used.

The electric power for the motor is generated from regenerative braking and from the gasoline engine, so hybrids don't have to be "plugged in" to an electrical outlet to recharge.

STARTING

When the vehicle is started, the gasoline engine "warms up."

If necessary, the electric motor acts as a generator, converting energy from the engine into electricity and storing it in the battery.

CRUISING

The gasoline engine powers the vehicle at cruising speeds and, if needed, provides power to the battery for later use.

PASSING

During heavy accelerating or when additional power is needed, the gasoline engine and electric motor are both used to propel the vehicle.

Additional power from the battery is used to power the electric motor as needed.

BRAKING

Regenerative braking converts otherwise wasted energy from braking into electricity and stores it in the battery.

In regenerative braking, the electric motor is reversed so that, instead of using electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor and create electricity. Using energy from the wheels to turn the motor slows the vehicle down.

If additional stopping power is needed, conventional friction brakes (e.g., disc brakes) are also applied automatically.

STOPPED

When the vehicle is stopped, such as at a red light, the gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy is not wasted in idling.

The battery continues to power auxillary systems, such as the air conditioning and dashboard displays.